AUSTRALIA LITERATURE

 

AUSTRALIA LITERATURE 1. Literary works in Australia and America are different because in Australia in the 1890s, at that time there were two streams of criticism that competed with each other, namely Radical Nationalism and New Criticism.  Where the Radical Nationalist focuses on projects undertaken by European historians, namely research and missions to find differences and specific cultures found in Autralia in literature.  Radical Nationalist considers that literary works are considered valuable because they reveal the evolutionary development of a country and the culture in it.  As a social theory, this stream looks at several aspects of life such as population, general and special culture that contains legends or myths or values ​​of life that were passed on from generation to generation and were created by the ancestors of a social class in Australia.  The works connected with Radical Nationalist are The Legend of the Nineties by Vance Palmer, The Australian Legend by Russell Ward, The Australian Tradition by AA Philips, From Desert to Prophets Come by Geoffrey Serle, Meanjin by Clem Christesen and Overland by Stephen Murry  -Smith.  While Criticism is considered an intellectual movement in Australia because it has succeeded in defining the flow itself and daring to oppose the flow that has been in Australia.  Some supporters of New Criticism during the conflict between the two streams are Vincent Buckley with his essay entitled 'The Image of Man in Australian Poetry' in 1957 and GA Wilkes also with his essay entitled 'The Eighteen Nineties' and HP Heseltine with the title essay  'Australia's Literary Heritage' in 1962. Therefore the fundamental difference of the two schools lies in the emphasis on the atmosphere of the story in the work.  Where Redical Nationalist emphasizes stories to reflect social conditions that are full of optimism and trust while New Criticism shows true stories that are full of pessimism, alienation and terror but uphold the values ​​of diversity in society, which are not accepted by Radical Nationalist.  While literary works in America the writers have different literary works, one of which the first is Christopher Columbus, his story titled Epistola (1493).  Exploration to America continues to continue by the Spanish, French, Dutch and British.  The diversity of the dance tribes then unites with the Native American tribes.  The British colony which was considered successful was the second colony, the first colony in 1585 in Roanoke, a coastal suburb of North Carolina deemed a failure.  The story of this first colony and the rich and fertile picture of the American region is told in the writings of Thomas Hariot who was an explorer of Roanoke with the title A Brief and True Report of the New-Found Land of Virgina (1588).  Then the second colony in Jamestown in 1607 was considered by Captain John Smith to be successful where he was rescued by the son of Powhatan who was the chief of the Indian tribe, namely Pocahontas.  one of the famous writers of the colonial in America was William Bradford who was the Governor of Plymouth in the Massachusetts Colony.  His first history book is entitled The History of Plymouth Plantation (1651).  In his book, Bradford tells about the Pilgrim agreement called the "Mayflower Agreement" and also contains the life of puritan people. 2. The periodization in australia with the United States and Britain is different because the periodization in Australia is where the Indigenous Literary Rise Point of Australia. Australian Indigenous Literature in the Era of Capitalism.  which during that period was very important and controversial was in the 1890s where at that time there were two streams of criticism that competed with each other namely Radical Nationalism and New Criticism.  The fundamental difference of the two schools lies in the emphasis on the atmosphere of the story in the work where Redical Nationalist emphasizes the story to reflect social conditions that are full of optimism and trustworthiness while New Criticism shows the true story which is full of pessimism, alienation and terror but upholds values  diversity in society, which is not accepted by Radical Nationalist.  The series of writers produced in the 1890s included Cambridge, Barbara Baynton, Miles Franklin, Ethel Turner, Bernard O'Dowd, Henry Lawson, Joseph Furphy, Victor Daley, Hugh McCrae, William Lane, and Christopher Brennan, Isobel Marion Dorothea Mackellar  , Henry Handel Richardson, and Patrick White.   while the periodization in America in that period America was first discovered by an accomplished sailor named Christopher Colombus who was an Italian explorer who then asked Ferdinand and Isabella from Spain to finance his journey to find India.  But in his journey he found the mainland of America which he considered to be Indian, this was also what caused the Native American tribe to be called Indian, because Columbus who until the end of his life believed that the data he discovered were Indian, not American.  The discovery of Columbus then gave way to the European continent to arrive to a new land called America.  The Spaniards brought by Columbus carried out slavery against Native American tribes, Indians.  This was told clearly in Colombus's diary entitled Epistola (1493).  Exploration to America continues to continue by the Spanish, French, Dutch and British.  The diversity of the dance tribes then unites with the Native American tribes.  And the periodization in England is Anglo-Saxon (450-1100).  The Roman Army discovered the land of England where British land had already been inhabited by Celtic tribes (celtic) who still had a kinship with the Celtic tribes in western Europe that had been conquered by the Romans.  The Celtic tribes gained civilization through Roman rule, but then when the Roman empire was destroyed, the Roman army permanently escaped from England in the 5th century precisely in 410. After that, the Celtic tribes left behind the Roman Empire were destroyed in 600  caused by several attacks from various regions, then actually fell into the hands of German tribes, mostly from northern Germany such as Jutes, Angles, and Saxons. Transition Period (1400-1550).  The transition period is the time when the birth of two famous English writers, Chaucer and Shakespeare.  At this time, various literary works were born which were still strongly influenced by French writers and not a few of them were mostly imitating Chaucer's works.  In this transition period, Chaucer is still considered a famous writer who is unmatched and has a very strong influence on the new writers who were born at that time.  Some poets succeeded in printing during the transition period, such as John Lydgate (1370-1451) who was a great admirer of Chaucer so that some of his work tells of moral and religious values, although it is undeniable that in his work there is still a clear bias towards the romance writers of  France.  There was also a well-known allegory creator and also an important figure in the inauguration of English at that time, Stephen Hawes.  Chaucer's influence was not only on British soil but extended to Scotland.  Even in Scotland there is a flow in literature known as "Scottish Chaucerians" such as Robert Henryson (1430-1506) with his work "The Testament of Cresseide" which until 1711 most readers still thought that the poem was Chaucer's work.  Not only Henryson, there are also among them William Dunbar and Gavin Douglas. 3. This Aboriginal tribe has an influence on the development of literary works in Australia, especially in early literature, because one of the works of David Unaipon, where the first native writers who came with creative writing style as well as critical to contain narratives about native relations and immigrants.  Furthermore, the writer will use qualitative methods to understand the object of research deeper by analyzing the writing styles, ideas, and discussions that exist in Aboriginal literary works in the early days of the arrival of the colonial nation.  But upon arrival of the colonial Aboriginal tribes began to be excluded from their own land which has a deep traumatic expulsion and other acts of violence that they get.  With this condition, many Aboriginal writers began to produce writings as an expression of stories of their struggle, journey, and life experiences through literary works.  The purpose of this study is to see the position of Aboriginal literature in marginalized Australian literature, becoming a marginalized second-class citizen that results in Aboriginal people not having a place to participate actively in any case, but the struggle of Aboriginal writers to voice resistance to discriminatory and colonialist forms of fruitless results results in an Aboriginal nation having no place for active participation in any case, but the struggle of Aboriginal writers to voice opposition to discriminatory and colonial forms of fruitless results  both because Aboriginal literature, which was originally marginalized, has a place and recognition in Australian literature and gives its own color in the treasures of Australian literature.  For this reason, the authors have made qualitative works from a number of Aboriginal literary works during the early period of the arrival of white people to the Australian Continent. 4. The first writer was Mem Fox with his work entitled Possum Magic (1983).  Picture book about award winners.  Possum Magic was first published in 1983, which was very influential by many people's hearts when Grandma Poss tried to keep Hush protected from the dangers of the Australian bush.  However, after being made invisible, Hush began to want to see himself again.  Traveling throughout the country to make Husky visible again using magic food, they met many animals along the way.  The next work is titled The second writer is Base Graeme with his work entitled Animalia (1986), The Elventh Hour (1989), The Sign of the Seahorse (1992), and The Worst Band in the Universe (1999). The third writer is Dick Roughsey with his work entitled The Giant Devil Dingo (1973), The Rainbow Serpent (1975), and The Quinkins (1978). The fourth poet is Dorothy Wall with his work titled Blinky Bill.  Blinky Bill is an anthropomorphic koala and children's fictional character created by writer and illustrator Dorothy Wall.  Blinky Bill, a naughty boy in the form of a koala, the stories also present conservation messages.  Blinky Bill is known for her delinquency and love for her mother.  Her friends include her stepbrother Nutsy, Splodge's kangaroo friend, Flap's platypus friend, Marcia the marsupial mouse, and her mentor, Mr. Wombat or Wombo, because Blinky prefers to call him.  In general, throughout the story, he is influential in doing things that are realistic for koalas as well as things that the child reader wants to do.  Wall tells stories directly to children and Blinky often interacts with readers in the introduction. 5. Feminism is a movement that aims to build gender equality.  As in Australia, at that time women did not have the right to express their opinions, because it was men's opinions that they prioritized.  So women writers use the pen name so that their work is published.  Feeling unfair with such treatment, women in Australia also built a feminism group. feminism is a belief that women feel treated unfairly in a society that is formed to prioritize the perspective of men and their interests in which to build gender equality.  Feminism that developed in Australia is not much different from what developed in most other countries in the world.  Early issues regarding feminism related to suffrage (women's right to vote) and women's access to parliament were also championed by feminists in Australia.  Feminism in Australia is among the first to voice women's rights. 6. Helen Garner (born in 1942) in Australia is a novelist, short story writer, screenwriter and journalist.  Known as an Australian poet whose works are considered classics.  He has a reputation for combining and adapting his personal experiences in his fiction, something that has caught his broad attention, especially with his novels.  He drew controversy with his book The First Stone (1995) about the sexual harassment scandal at a university university.  He also writes for film and theater, and has consistently won awards for his work, including the Walkley Award for the 1993 Time Magazine report.  Garner's works have covered a variety of themes and subject matter. Garner became famous when Australian writers were relatively few in number, and by some Australian female writers considered something new.  Australian academics and writers.  His first novel, Monkey Grip (1977), tells the life of a group of budding artists, single parents, drug addicts and welfare recipients living in Melbourne.  In particular the focus is on the increasingly interdependent relationship between Nora's single mother and Javo, an addict addict that Nora loves, even though she repeatedly floats in and out of her life.  In subsequent books, he continues to adjust his personal experiences.  His novels then are: The Children's Bach (1984) and Cosmo Cosmolino (1992).  In 2008 he returned to fiction writing with the publication of The Spare Room, fiction care treating dying cancer patients, based on the illness and death of Garner's friend Jenya Osborne.In my opinion Helen Garner is a novelist who is able to show that the success of her first work entitled Monkey Grip might help revive the career of women writers in older Australia.  and very influential on women writers in Australia. 7. Journalism journalism is related to literary works because literature is ultimately shaped like fiction, but literary journalism cannot be said to be fiction. Literary journalism must still maintain the accuracy of facts in its writing.  Literary journalism will produce writings that are personal and tend to be subjective, but the reality of writing must be in accordance with the reality of events, technical journals and writing styles using the methods commonly used in literary works, such as in short stories or novels. Journal of literature presents a more interesting journalism  read, touch the emotions of readers, and provide a more complete picture of a particular area or character.  The Bulletin was founded by two journalists from Sydney, J.F.  Archibald and John Haynes.  The first edition was published January 31, 1880. At that time, this magazine was an important magazine for the middle of Australian History, and had a great impact on the lives of Australians.  Initially, the magazine was intended as a political and business editorial journal, with little literary content.  The political direction is nationalist, anti-imperialist, protectionist, insular, racist, republican, anti-clerical, and masculinist, but not socialist.  This magazine mercilessly mocked the colonial governor, capitalism, the new rich, the clergy, feminists, and hard-liners.  This magazine upholds trade unions, Australian independence, democracy and White Australia policy.  The cartoons he made were very racist in tone, and insulted Chinese, Indians, Japanese, and Jews, and Aboriginal.  The magazine's motto is "Australia for White People" ("Australia for the White Man").